📺 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants - Chapter Overview & Flower | Class 12 Biology Chapter 1

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants - Chapter Overview & Flower | Class 12 Biology Chapter 1

Class 12 Biology Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Chapter Overview
This chapter explains the process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, including the structure and function of flowers, pollination, fertilization, and seed formation.

Flower Structure
A flower is the reproductive organ of a flowering plant. It consists of four whorls:

1. Calyx: The outermost whorl, consisting of sepals that protect the flower bud.
2. Corolla: The second whorl, consisting of petals that attract pollinators.
3. Androecium: The third whorl, consisting of stamens that produce pollen.
4. Gynoecium: The innermost whorl, consisting of carpels that contain ovules.

Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower. This can occur through various agents, including:

1. Self-pollination: Pollen transfer within the same flower.
2. Cross-pollination: Pollen transfer between different flowers.

Fertilization
Fertilization occurs when a pollen grain germinates and forms a pollen tube that reaches the ovule. The sperm then fuses with the egg cell, resulting in fertilization.

Seed Formation
After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, which consists of:

1. Embryo: The developing plant inside the seed.
2. Endosperm: The nutrient-rich tissue surrounding the embryo.
3. Testa: The outer covering of the seed.

Key Points
- Flowers are the reproductive organs of flowering plants.
- Pollination is essential for fertilization to occur.
- Fertilization results in the formation of seeds.
- Seeds contain the embryo, endosperm, and testa.

Practice Questions
1. What is the function of the calyx in a flower?
2. Describe the process of pollination.
3. What is the result of fertilization in flowering plants?

Solutions
1. The calyx protects the flower bud.
2. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.
3. Fertilization results in the formation of seeds.