1. Life Processes
1.1 Nutrition
- Autotrophic nutrition: organisms that produce their own food (e.g., plants)
- Heterotrophic nutrition: organisms that cannot produce their own food (e.g., animals)
- Types of heterotrophic nutrition: holozoic, saprobic, parasitic
1.2 Respiration
- Process of breakdown of food to release energy
- Types of respiration: aerobic, anaerobic
- Importance of respiration: energy production, maintenance of life processes
1.3 Transportation
- Movement of substances within an organism
- Types of transportation: diffusion, osmosis, active transport
- Importance of transportation: maintenance of homeostasis, supply of nutrients and oxygen
1.4 Excretion
- Removal of waste products from an organism
- Types of excretion: ammonotelic, ureotelic, uricotelic
- Importance of excretion: maintenance of homeostasis, prevention of toxicity
2. Control and Coordination
2.1 Nervous System
- System that controls and coordinates body functions
- Components: central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- Functions: control and coordination, transmission of messages
2.2 Endocrine System
- System that produces and regulates hormones
- Components: endocrine glands, hormones
- Functions: regulation of metabolism, growth and development, reproductive processes
2.3 Hormones
- Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands
- Types of hormones: steroid hormones, peptide hormones
- Functions: regulation of metabolism, growth and development, reproductive processes
3. How do Organisms Reproduce?
3.1 Reproduction
- Process by which organisms produce offspring
- Types of reproduction: sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction
- Importance of reproduction: continuation of species, genetic variation
3.2 Sexual Reproduction
- Process involving the fusion of male and female gametes
- Components: male reproductive system, female reproductive system
- Functions: production of gametes, fertilization, development of embryo
3.3 Asexual Reproduction
- Process involving the production of offspring without gametes
- Types of asexual reproduction: binary fission, budding, fragmentation
- Importance of asexual reproduction: rapid production of offspring, genetic uniformity
4. Heredity and Evolution
4.1 Heredity
- Transmission of traits from parents to offspring
- Components: genes, chromosomes, DNA
- Functions: determination of traits, transmission of traits
4.2 Evolution
- Change in the characteristics of a species over time
- Components: variation, mutation, genetic drift, natural selection
- Functions: adaptation to environment, formation of new species
4.3 Charles Darwin and Evolution
- Contribution of Charles Darwin to the theory of evolution
- Components: natural selection, survival of the fittest
- Importance of Darwin's theory: explanation of evolution, adaptation to environment
