1. Reflection of Light
1.1 Reflection
- Change in direction of light when it hits a surface
- Types of reflection: regular reflection, irregular reflection
- Laws of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection
1.2 Mirrors
- Plane mirrors: reflect light regularly
- Spherical mirrors: concave and convex mirrors
- Uses of mirrors: magnification, reflection of light
2. Refraction of Light
2.1 Refraction
- Change in direction of light when it passes from one medium to another
- Types of refraction: regular refraction, total internal reflection
- Laws of refraction: Snell's law
2.2 Lenses
- Converging lenses: convex lenses
- Diverging lenses: concave lenses
- Uses of lenses: magnification, correction of vision
3. Human Eye and Colourful World
3.1 Human Eye
- Structure of the eye: cornea, iris, lens, retina
- Function of the eye: detection of light and colour
- Defects of vision: myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia
3.2 Colourful World
- Formation of colours: dispersion, scattering
- Types of colours: primary colours, secondary colours
- Uses of colours: art, design, communication
4. Electricity
4.1 Electric Current
- Flow of electric charge: electrons
- Types of electric current: direct current (DC), alternating current (AC)
- Units of electric current: ampere (A)
4.2 Electric Circuit
- Path through which electric current flows
- Components of an electric circuit: conductor, insulator, switch
- Types of electric circuits: series circuit, parallel circuit
4.3 Electric Resistance
- Opposition to the flow of electric current
- Factors affecting electric resistance: length, cross-sectional area, material
- Units of electric resistance: ohm (Ω)
4.4 Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Conversion of electric energy into heat energy
- Factors affecting heating effect: current, resistance, time
- Uses of heating effect: electric heaters, electric bulbs
4.5 Electric Power
- Rate at which electric energy is transferred
- Units of electric power: watt (W)
- Formula: power = voltage x current
